| References & LinksBurke, R. D. 1980. Podial sensory receptors and the induction of metamorphosis in echinoids. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology. Ecol 47: 223–234
 Cameron, R.A. & Hinegardner, R.T. 1974. Initiation of metamorphosis in laboratory cultured sea urchins. The Biological Bulletin, 146:335-342
 
 Carpenter, R. C. 1985. Sea urchin mass mortality: effect of reef algal abundance, species composition and metabolism and other coral reef herbivores. Proceedings of the 5th International Coral Reef Congress, 4:53-60
 
 Clarke, A. M. & Rowe, E. W. E. 1971. Monograph of shallow-water Indo-West Pacific echinoderms: i-vii, 1-238, pls 1-31. London, Trustees of the British Museum (Natural History).
 
 Coppard, S. E. Kroh, A. & Smith, A. B. 2010. The evolution of pedicellariae in echinoids: an arms race against pests and parasites. Acta Zoologica. 93:125-148
 
 Done, T. J. (1992) Phase shifts in coral reef communities and their ecological significance, Hydrobiologia. 247:121-132
 
 Gladstone Ports Corporation. 2012. Dredging. [Online] <http://www.westernbasinportdevelopment.com.au/dredging> Accessed: 24 October 2012
 
 Gopalakrishnakone, P. 1990. A Colour Guide to Dangerous Animals. Singapore University Press. Singapore. pp 121-123
 
 Gudo, M. 2005. An evolutionary scenario for the origin of pentaradial echinoderms-implications from the hydraulic principles of form determination. Acta Biotheoretica. 53:191-216
 
 Johannes, R. E. 1975. Pollution and degradation of coral reef communities. In: E. J. F. Wood & Johannes, R. E. (eds) Tropical Marine Pollution.  Elsevier Scientific  Publishing Company, Oxford, p. 1-181
 
 Kauffman, L. 1977. The threespot damselfish: effects on benthic biota of Caribbean Coral reefs. Third International Coral Reef Symposium, Florida pp. 559–564
 
 Lawrence, J. M. 1975. On the relationships between marine plants and sea urchins (Echinodermata: Echinoidea).  In: H. Barnes (ed), Oceanography and Marine Biology: Annual Review, 13. pp213-286
 
 Lawrence, J. M. 2007. Edible sea urchins: Use and life-history strategies. Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science. 37:1-9
 
 Lessios, H. A. & Pearse, J. S. 2001. Population structure and speciation in tropical seas: Global phylogeny of the sea urchin Diadema. Evolution. 55:955-975
 
 Lewis, J. B. 1964. Feeding and diegestion in the tropical sea urchin Diadema antillarum Phillipi. Canadian Journal of Zoology. 42:549-557
 
 Littler, M. M., Taylor, P. R. & Littler, D. S. 1983. Algal resistance to herbivory on a Carribean barrier reef. 2: 111-118
 
 McClanahan, T. R. 1988. Coexistence in a sea urchin guild and its implications to coral reef diversity and degradation. Oecologia. 77:210-218
 
 Millot, N. 1954. Sensitivity to light and the reactions to changes in light intensity of the Echinoid Diadema antillarum philippi. Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society of London. Series B, Biological Sciences. 238: 187-220
 
 Muthiga, N. A. & McClanahan, T. R. 2007. Ecology of Diadema. Developments in Aquaculture and Fisheries Science. 37:205-225
 
 Pearse, J. S. & Cameron, R. A. 1969. ‘Echinodermata, Echinoidea’ in: AC Giese, J.S. Pearse, V.B. Pearse (eds.), Reproduction of marine invertebrates, Echinoderms and Lophophorates, Vol. 6. The Boxwood Press, CA, pp. 514–662
 
 Randall, J. E., Schroeder, R. E. & Starck, W. A II. Notes on the biology of the Echinoid Diadema antillarum. Caribbean Journal of Science. 4, 421-433
 
 Rogers, C. S. 1990. Responses of coral reefs and reef organisms to sedimentation. Marine Ecology Progress Series. 62, 185-202
 
 Ruppert, E. E., Fox, R. S. & Barnes, R. D. 2004. Invertebrate Ecology: A Functional Evolutionary Approach, Seventh Edition. Brooks/Coles, USA.
 
 Sakashita, H. 1992. Sexual dimorphism and food habits of the clingfish, Diademichthys lineatus and its dependence on host sea urchin. Environmental Biology of Fishes. 34: 95-101
 
 Sammarco, P. W. 1980. Diadema and its relationship to coral spat mortality: Grazing, competition and biological disturbance. Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology. 45:245-272
 
 Shunula, J. P & Ndibalema, V. 1986. Grazing preferences of Diadema setosum and Heliocidaris erythrogramma (Echinoderms) on an assortment of marine algae. Aquatic Botany. 25, 91-95
 
 Sloan, N. A. 1985. ‘Echinoderm fisheries of the world: a review’, in: B.E Keega & B. D. S. O’Connor (eds), Echinodermata, AA Balkema, Rotterdam. pp 109-124
 
 Tuya, F., Martin, J. A., Reuss, G. M. & Luque, A. 2001. Food preferences of the sea urhcind Diadema antillarum in Gran Canaria (Canary Islands, central-east Atlantic Ocean). Journal of Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom. 81:845-849
 
 Tuya, F., Martin, J. A, Luque, A. 2004a. Patterns of nocturnal movement of the long-spined sea urchin Diadema antillarum (Philippi) in Gran Canaria (the Canary Islands, central East Atlantic Ocean. Helgoland Marine Research. 58:26-31
 
 |